Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Investigation of Foam Injection Scenarios to Control the Gas Oil Ratio in Carbonate Reservoirs with Permeability Heterogeneity: Simulation of the Process in an Oil Reservoir Sector Investigation of Foam Injection Scenarios to Control the Gas Oil Ratio in Carbonate Reservoirs with Permeability Heterogeneity: Simulation of the Process in an Oil Reservoir Sector 3 14 1181 10.22078/pr.2021.4425.3001 FA Mohammadali Shojaiepour Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Fariborz Rashidi Department of Chemical Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Bahram Dabir Department of Chemical Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0823-2220 Mahdi Amirsardari Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 03 In this study, foam is used to treat production wells of heterogeneous reservoirs that produce high amounts of gas. For this purpose, a numerical simulation study is designed in which foam is injected through the perforations that produce large amounts of gas to block the gas path and allow much more oil to be produced simultaneously from the rest of the perforations. For this purpose, three synthetic sectors are simulated in such a way that in the first one a large volume of injected gas is produced from the upper perforations of the production well, in the second one from the middle perforations and in the third one from the lower perforations. Then, in each of these three sectors, foam injection rate and treatment scenarios are optimized. The results show that the location of gas entry to the production well, which depends on the reservoir heterogeneity, plays a key role in selection of the best treatment scenario and optimal parameters. This has led to introduce a protocol for treatment of production wells with a high amount of gas oil ratio (GOR). Finally, in order to validate this protocol, a real sector of a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir located in south of Iran that has high amounts of GOR is simulated and by following the protocol, foam injection parameters including foam injection rate, treatment scenarios, foam injection/oil production sequence and the depth of packer set are optimized and treated which reduced the GOR by 60%. In this study, foam is used to treat production wells of heterogeneous reservoirs that produce high amounts of gas. For this purpose, a numerical simulation study is designed in which foam is injected through the perforations that produce large amounts of gas to block the gas path and allow much more oil to be produced simultaneously from the rest of the perforations. For this purpose, three synthetic sectors are simulated in such a way that in the first one a large volume of injected gas is produced from the upper perforations of the production well, in the second one from the middle perforations and in the third one from the lower perforations. Then, in each of these three sectors, foam injection rate and treatment scenarios are optimized. The results show that the location of gas entry to the production well, which depends on the reservoir heterogeneity, plays a key role in selection of the best treatment scenario and optimal parameters. This has led to introduce a protocol for treatment of production wells with a high amount of gas oil ratio (GOR). Finally, in order to validate this protocol, a real sector of a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir located in south of Iran that has high amounts of GOR is simulated and by following the protocol, foam injection parameters including foam injection rate, treatment scenarios, foam injection/oil production sequence and the depth of packer set are optimized and treated which reduced the GOR by 60%.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1181_2ac2406e835bd49c70469acae337d292.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Experimental Investigation of the Presence of Anhydrite on the Effectiveness of Low Salinity Water Injection in a Carbonate Reservoir Experimental Investigation of the Presence of Anhydrite on the Effectiveness of Low Salinity Water Injection in a Carbonate Reservoir 15 27 1188 10.22078/pr.2021.4435.3004 FA Soran Mahmoodpour Department of energy economics and management, Tehran Faculty of Petroleum, Petroleum University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Rostami Department of energy economics and management, Tehran Faculty of Petroleum, Petroleum University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Shahab Ayatollahi Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran shahab@sharif.ir 0000-0001-7561-6393 Journal Article 2021 03 06 Low salinity water injection (LSWI) is an emerging and effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique because of its recovery performance, low cost, and environmentally friendly compared to other EOR approaches. However, low salinity water effects and their governing mechanisms in carbonates were not fully understood. According to the literature, the present of anhydrite mineral can play a positive role in low salinity in carbonates. In this study, to investigate the present of anhydrite mineral, the wettability alteration was measured in a wide range of salinity by flotation technique. The flotation results show that the wettability modified toward a more water-wet state by decreasing salinity and in-active ions. Rock wettability was slightly altered by deionized water that could be due to dissolution of anhydrite that provide SO4-2 ions consequently electrical charge reduction of the rock surface. It was then aimed to examine the effectiveness of the low salinity brines in core flood experiments. The results of core flooding experiments indicated that 25 times diluted sea water extracted 4.9 % extra oil production in tertiary mode following by formation water, sea water, and 10 times diluted sea water. This brine in secondary mode produced 2.3 % of OOIP more than sequentially injection of brines. Based chemical element analysis using ICP-OES method, multi-component ion exchange and mineral dissolution are responsible for wettability alteration to more water-wet. Low salinity water injection (LSWI) is an emerging and effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique because of its recovery performance, low cost, and environmentally friendly compared to other EOR approaches. However, low salinity water effects and their governing mechanisms in carbonates were not fully understood. According to the literature, the present of anhydrite mineral can play a positive role in low salinity in carbonates. In this study, to investigate the present of anhydrite mineral, the wettability alteration was measured in a wide range of salinity by flotation technique. The flotation results show that the wettability modified toward a more water-wet state by decreasing salinity and in-active ions. Rock wettability was slightly altered by deionized water that could be due to dissolution of anhydrite that provide SO4-2 ions consequently electrical charge reduction of the rock surface. It was then aimed to examine the effectiveness of the low salinity brines in core flood experiments. The results of core flooding experiments indicated that 25 times diluted sea water extracted 4.9 % extra oil production in tertiary mode following by formation water, sea water, and 10 times diluted sea water. This brine in secondary mode produced 2.3 % of OOIP more than sequentially injection of brines. Based chemical element analysis using ICP-OES method, multi-component ion exchange and mineral dissolution are responsible for wettability alteration to more water-wet.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1188_c44e503833b64e9f27197a484f4257c0.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Investigation of the Effect of Poly Aluminum Chloride Coagulant with Coagulant Aids for Oily Wastewater Treatment from a Vegetable Oil Factory Investigation of the Effect of Poly Aluminum Chloride Coagulant with Coagulant Aids for Oily Wastewater Treatment from a Vegetable Oil Factory 28 38 1178 10.22078/pr.2021.3918.2783 FA Mahdi Jahroumi Faculty of Enginireeing, Chemical Engineering Group, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran Seyed Ahmad Ataei Faculty of Enginireeing, Chemical Engineering Group, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran 0000-0002-4717-170X Karim Ghasemipanah Environment and Biotechnology Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry. Tehran, Iran Amir Sarrafi Faculty of Enginireeing, Chemical Engineering Group, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2019 09 15 The increasing pollution of water and soil in today›s industrial activities becomes a real problem in the world. In the meantime, oily wastewater has adverse effects on surface and underground waters, agricultural products and soil quality. The purpose of this study was to reduce or eliminate pollutants present in the effluent of one of the vegetable oil plants to prevent the accumulation of oily materials in environment. In this regard, effectiveness of using coagulants and coagulant aids as water and oil separation process has been investigated. This method is based on the changing of operational variables such as pH, alkalinity and concentrations of coagulant and coagulant aids. Thus, optimal conditions for effective water and oil separation were determined. Test samples were prepared from a vegetable oil plant. Poly aluminum chloride as coagulant and different coagulant aids have been used. The basic method was jar test in which, the different concentrations of coagulant, coagulant aids, pH and Alkalinity were considered. The best results were achieved at 10 ppm for poly-aluminum chloride as coagulant, 0.3 ppm for Gfloc-C125 as a coagulant aid with alkalinity amount of 75 ppm. The results showed that at optimal condition, the quantities of turbidity, oil, COD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) for wastewater was decreased 89.4%, 98.8%, 62.6% and 97.9% respectively. The results were in a good accordance with environmental standards for plant irrigation. The increasing pollution of water and soil in today›s industrial activities becomes a real problem in the world. In the meantime, oily wastewater has adverse effects on surface and underground waters, agricultural products and soil quality. The purpose of this study was to reduce or eliminate pollutants present in the effluent of one of the vegetable oil plants to prevent the accumulation of oily materials in environment. In this regard, effectiveness of using coagulants and coagulant aids as water and oil separation process has been investigated. This method is based on the changing of operational variables such as pH, alkalinity and concentrations of coagulant and coagulant aids. Thus, optimal conditions for effective water and oil separation were determined. Test samples were prepared from a vegetable oil plant. Poly aluminum chloride as coagulant and different coagulant aids have been used. The basic method was jar test in which, the different concentrations of coagulant, coagulant aids, pH and Alkalinity were considered. The best results were achieved at 10 ppm for poly-aluminum chloride as coagulant, 0.3 ppm for Gfloc-C125 as a coagulant aid with alkalinity amount of 75 ppm. The results showed that at optimal condition, the quantities of turbidity, oil, COD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) for wastewater was decreased 89.4%, 98.8%, 62.6% and 97.9% respectively. The results were in a good accordance with environmental standards for plant irrigation.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1178_7d771e0e8f3633ab54856925ecdefc5d.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Study on the Effect of Different Operational Parameters on Ultrasonic Cross-Correlation Flowmeter Performance Using CFD Simulation Study on the Effect of Different Operational Parameters on Ultrasonic Cross-Correlation Flowmeter Performance Using CFD Simulation 39 49 1190 10.22078/pr.2021.4466.3021 FA Mohammad Amin Alaeddin School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Seyed Hasan Hashemabadi School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran\ Flow Measurement Research Center, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 27 Among the flow measurement technologies, the ultrasonic cross-correlation flowmeter (UCCF) has received much attention due to its high accuracy, performance independency from sound speed and no pressure drop. In industrial plants, due to space constraints and equipment special arrangement, the flowmeter is not always located at the ideal position. Under these conditions, the calibration factor plays an important role in increasing the accuracy of the flow measurement. The calibration factor is the function of the flow Reynolds number, the straight pipe length at the upstream of the flowmeter and the roughness of the pipe. In present study, with the aid of CFD simulation and using Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), the air flow inside the pipe was simulated in range of Reynolds number from 3.16×104 to 3.16×105. Then, with the aid of UCCF analytical model, the effect of the mentioned parameters including flow Reynolds number, the straight pipe length at the upstream of the flowmeter and the roughness of the pipe, on the performance of the UCCF were investigated. The simulation results show that the changes in shape and curvature of velocity profile inside the pipe has an important role in analyzing and interpretation of the changes in calibration factor. As the flow Reynolds number increases, the velocity profile at the pipe section becomes flatter, so the calibration factor increases. The results also demonstrate that as the flow moves inside the pipe (prior to fully developed length), the curvature of the velocity profile increases firstly and then decreases. In contrast, the calibration factor decreases firstly and then increases. It was also concluded that by changing the pipe material from carbon steel to cast iron and increasing the pipe roughness, the velocity profile becomes more rounded, so the calibration factor decreases. Among the flow measurement technologies, the ultrasonic cross-correlation flowmeter (UCCF) has received much attention due to its high accuracy, performance independency from sound speed and no pressure drop. In industrial plants, due to space constraints and equipment special arrangement, the flowmeter is not always located at the ideal position. Under these conditions, the calibration factor plays an important role in increasing the accuracy of the flow measurement. The calibration factor is the function of the flow Reynolds number, the straight pipe length at the upstream of the flowmeter and the roughness of the pipe. In present study, with the aid of CFD simulation and using Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), the air flow inside the pipe was simulated in range of Reynolds number from 3.16×104 to 3.16×105. Then, with the aid of UCCF analytical model, the effect of the mentioned parameters including flow Reynolds number, the straight pipe length at the upstream of the flowmeter and the roughness of the pipe, on the performance of the UCCF were investigated. The simulation results show that the changes in shape and curvature of velocity profile inside the pipe has an important role in analyzing and interpretation of the changes in calibration factor. As the flow Reynolds number increases, the velocity profile at the pipe section becomes flatter, so the calibration factor increases. The results also demonstrate that as the flow moves inside the pipe (prior to fully developed length), the curvature of the velocity profile increases firstly and then decreases. In contrast, the calibration factor decreases firstly and then increases. It was also concluded that by changing the pipe material from carbon steel to cast iron and increasing the pipe roughness, the velocity profile becomes more rounded, so the calibration factor decreases.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1190_160c88652d47d0be60bfbfed25111412.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Reservoir Souring: A Review on Mechanisms, Mitigation/Reduction Methods with Updating Souring Screening Criteria Reservoir Souring: A Review on Mechanisms, Mitigation/Reduction Methods with Updating Souring Screening Criteria 50 59 1189 10.22078/pr.2020.4295.2947 FA Sajjad Asiabani Petroleum Engineering Department, Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum, Petroleum University of Technology, Iran Shahin Kord Petroleum Engineering Department, Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum, Petroleum University of Technology, Iran 0000-0003-1264-7613 Rohaldin Miri Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 09 16 Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) have been identified in oil reservoirs since 1920s. They reduce sulphate to sulphide resulting in production of hydrogen sulphide. H2S is a corrosive, toxic and flammable gas which causes operational and capital costs for oil industry. Classification of microbial activity as the main source of H2S generation in flooded reservoirs is followed by the increasing number of water-based EOR projects in the few last decades. Failure in precise prediction of reservoir souring onset in the reservoir may lead to severe health and safety issues. Once the prediction and simulation phase is accomplished, appropriate mitigation method should be selected. However, many simulators capable of considering the reservoir souring are available, urgent need to quick prediction of this phenomenon looks necessary. A novel souring screening approach is presented to investigate the souring potential using simple information. Comparing the reservoir conditions with the required criteria for microbial activity is the main idea of this method. In addition, some new methods to mitigate the souring effects are proposed. The most inspiring method is to utilize (per) chlorate group to inhibit bacterial activity. Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) have been identified in oil reservoirs since 1920s. They reduce sulphate to sulphide resulting in production of hydrogen sulphide. H2S is a corrosive, toxic and flammable gas which causes operational and capital costs for oil industry. Classification of microbial activity as the main source of H2S generation in flooded reservoirs is followed by the increasing number of water-based EOR projects in the few last decades. Failure in precise prediction of reservoir souring onset in the reservoir may lead to severe health and safety issues. Once the prediction and simulation phase is accomplished, appropriate mitigation method should be selected. However, many simulators capable of considering the reservoir souring are available, urgent need to quick prediction of this phenomenon looks necessary. A novel souring screening approach is presented to investigate the souring potential using simple information. Comparing the reservoir conditions with the required criteria for microbial activity is the main idea of this method. In addition, some new methods to mitigate the souring effects are proposed. The most inspiring method is to utilize (per) chlorate group to inhibit bacterial activity.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1189_82c2559140b95ccda9c6ca4a8b981f1e.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Investigation of the Effect of Pulse Frequency in Solid-Gas Fluidized Bed as an Energy Storage Tank Investigation of the Effect of Pulse Frequency in Solid-Gas Fluidized Bed as an Energy Storage Tank 60 74 1187 10.22078/pr.2021.4494.3030 FA Mahmood Keshavarz Mechanical Engineering Department, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran Mohammadreza Assari Mechanical Engineering Department, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran\Mechanical Engineering Department, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Hassan Basirat Tabrizi Mechanical Engineering Department, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran\Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4132-1228 Journal Article 2021 05 25 In this research, temperature measurements were performed experimentally in a solid-gas bubble bed with 184 μm silica sand particles and an inlet air of 60 °C to determine the effect of flow pulse on the energy transfer and storage efficiency. A solenoid valve was installed to supply pulsed air to the substrate and the effect of the alternating frequency cycle on the incoming air was investigated by applying the on-off condition. Results for frequency ranges from 1 Hz to 10 Hz indicated the surface of the bed fluctuates with the pulse frequency, and the amplitude of the oscillation decreases with an increase in frequency. Higher frequency improves heat transfer coefficient compared to continuous state. This, along with increasing the apparent velocity of the carrier gas, increases the energy storage efficiency. At three speed ratios with respect to the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) of 1.5, 2 and 2.5, a maximum efficiency of 28% was observed at 7 Hz frequency and speed ratio of 2.5. In this research, temperature measurements were performed experimentally in a solid-gas bubble bed with 184 μm silica sand particles and an inlet air of 60 °C to determine the effect of flow pulse on the energy transfer and storage efficiency. A solenoid valve was installed to supply pulsed air to the substrate and the effect of the alternating frequency cycle on the incoming air was investigated by applying the on-off condition. Results for frequency ranges from 1 Hz to 10 Hz indicated the surface of the bed fluctuates with the pulse frequency, and the amplitude of the oscillation decreases with an increase in frequency. Higher frequency improves heat transfer coefficient compared to continuous state. This, along with increasing the apparent velocity of the carrier gas, increases the energy storage efficiency. At three speed ratios with respect to the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) of 1.5, 2 and 2.5, a maximum efficiency of 28% was observed at 7 Hz frequency and speed ratio of 2.5.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1187_4f284803bd0966cc24fa8683a34afc6e.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Oil Production Enhancement of Azadegan Oil Field Using Real-Time Optimization Approach Oil Production Enhancement of Azadegan Oil Field Using Real-Time Optimization Approach 75 87 1179 10.22078/pr.2021.4291.2945 FA Mohsen Jalali Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mojgan Abbasi Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Nassim Tahouni Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran M. Hassan Panjeshahi Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 09 15 Because of increasing demand for oil and gas, it is necessary to properly manage the production in oil fields which can be performed through optimization. Azadegan Oil Field has a large volume of oil reserves shared with Iraq and requires special attention. The main goal of this paper is to introduce and develop mathematical modeling for Azadegan oil field to optimize the oil production using Real-Time Production Optimization (RTPO). Therefore, 13 wells were considered in Manifold No. 7 of Azadegan Oil Field. Due to the nonlinearity nature of oil production and pressure drop equations in production facilities, Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) was examined to convert nonlinear equations to the linear ones. By solving the equations simultaneously, optimum wellhead pressures were obtained to achieve maximum oil production. The results showed a 27.7% increase in oil production. Because of increasing demand for oil and gas, it is necessary to properly manage the production in oil fields which can be performed through optimization. Azadegan Oil Field has a large volume of oil reserves shared with Iraq and requires special attention. The main goal of this paper is to introduce and develop mathematical modeling for Azadegan oil field to optimize the oil production using Real-Time Production Optimization (RTPO). Therefore, 13 wells were considered in Manifold No. 7 of Azadegan Oil Field. Due to the nonlinearity nature of oil production and pressure drop equations in production facilities, Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) was examined to convert nonlinear equations to the linear ones. By solving the equations simultaneously, optimum wellhead pressures were obtained to achieve maximum oil production. The results showed a 27.7% increase in oil production.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1179_dabd8d2ce74e782c65a973ef76fd540b.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Investigation of some porosity estimation methods using seismic data in one of the south iranian oil fields Investigation of some porosity estimation methods using seismic data in one of the south iranian oil fields 88 97 1183 10.22078/pr.2021.4438.3007 FA Ahsan Leisi Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran Reza Falahat Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 14 Porosity is one of the important parameters in reserve estimation and development of a hydrocarbon reservoir. This petrophysical parameter is traditionally calculated from core and log data. The use of seismic data to estimate petrophysical parameters between wells has been of particular interest in oil and gas industry. In this study, seismic inversion was performed using two methods including model based and sparse spike using a combination of well data and post stack seismic data in an Iranian oil fields. The correlation and error of the sparse spike inversion method were 98 and 19%, respectively. However, the correlation and error of the model-based inversion were 88 and 47%, respectively. In the next step, porosity estimation was performed using three methods, including seismic multiple-attribute, probabilistic neural network and radial basic function neural network. The probabilistic neural network method provided 91% correlation between training data and 71% correlation between validation data that was a better answer than the other two methods. Therefore, it is suggested to use this method to estimate the porosity of seismic data in fields with similar geology. Porosity is one of the important parameters in reserve estimation and development of a hydrocarbon reservoir. This petrophysical parameter is traditionally calculated from core and log data. The use of seismic data to estimate petrophysical parameters between wells has been of particular interest in oil and gas industry. In this study, seismic inversion was performed using two methods including model based and sparse spike using a combination of well data and post stack seismic data in an Iranian oil fields. The correlation and error of the sparse spike inversion method were 98 and 19%, respectively. However, the correlation and error of the model-based inversion were 88 and 47%, respectively. In the next step, porosity estimation was performed using three methods, including seismic multiple-attribute, probabilistic neural network and radial basic function neural network. The probabilistic neural network method provided 91% correlation between training data and 71% correlation between validation data that was a better answer than the other two methods. Therefore, it is suggested to use this method to estimate the porosity of seismic data in fields with similar geology.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1183_0e095e054ee94774d6a496099eb1cf6a.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 A Correlation for Solid Particle Erosion in Standard Elbow for Churn Flow A Correlation for Solid Particle Erosion in Standard Elbow for Churn Flow 98 112 1169 10.22078/pr.2021.4347.2970 FA Seyed Saied Bahrainian Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Mehdi Bakhshesh Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Ebrahim Hajidavalloo Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 22 In this paper, a new correlation is developed to predict sand particle erosion in standard elbow for churn flow pattern. Using the Buckingham Pi theorem, dimensional analysis is performed, and the dimensionless groups governing the erosion phenomenon in churn flow are derived. The dimensionless groups include dimensionless erosion, mixture Reynolds number, ratio of the superficial velocities, and the ratio of particle diameter to elbow diameter. Using the Gaussian process regression (GPR), a parametric erosion correlation for churn flow is then constructed. In the proposed model, the ratio of the superficial velocities is considered as the deviation factor of actual properties in churn from the mixture properties and its effect on the predicted erosion rate. For different operating conditions, the model results are validated with experimental data. The results show that more than 83% of the predictions have an error of less than 30%. Also, the model performance is compared with previous existing models. It is observed that the proposed model error is much less than other existing models. These results indicate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented model in solid particle erosion for churn flow. Finally, the proposed model is utilized to obtain the threshold erosional velocity curves in the churn flow pattern. The effect of various parameters such as elbow and particle size, liquid viscosity as well as gas flow pressure on the erosion values and threshold erosional velocity in churn flow are investigated. In this paper, a new correlation is developed to predict sand particle erosion in standard elbow for churn flow pattern. Using the Buckingham Pi theorem, dimensional analysis is performed, and the dimensionless groups governing the erosion phenomenon in churn flow are derived. The dimensionless groups include dimensionless erosion, mixture Reynolds number, ratio of the superficial velocities, and the ratio of particle diameter to elbow diameter. Using the Gaussian process regression (GPR), a parametric erosion correlation for churn flow is then constructed. In the proposed model, the ratio of the superficial velocities is considered as the deviation factor of actual properties in churn from the mixture properties and its effect on the predicted erosion rate. For different operating conditions, the model results are validated with experimental data. The results show that more than 83% of the predictions have an error of less than 30%. Also, the model performance is compared with previous existing models. It is observed that the proposed model error is much less than other existing models. These results indicate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented model in solid particle erosion for churn flow. Finally, the proposed model is utilized to obtain the threshold erosional velocity curves in the churn flow pattern. The effect of various parameters such as elbow and particle size, liquid viscosity as well as gas flow pressure on the erosion values and threshold erosional velocity in churn flow are investigated.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1169_1e1d184167ca7676cf665225e236a3d2.pdf

Research institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Journal of Petroleum Research 2345-2900 31 119 2021 10 23 Evaluation of the Performance of Nanostructured Metal Oxides of Cobalt and Iron to Prevent the Deposition of Heavy Crude Oil’s Asphaltene Evaluation of the Performance of Nanostructured Metal Oxides of Cobalt and Iron to Prevent the Deposition of Heavy Crude Oil’s Asphaltene 113 125 1184 10.22078/pr.2021.4447.3010 FA Hamed Mansouri Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Akbar Mohammadidoust Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-5282-9425 Faezeh Mohammadi Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 08 This study aims to investigate a new method of combining ultrasonic waves with different frequencies and magnetic nanoparticles in reducing the asphaltene content and kinematic viscosity of heavy oil. In the first section, in order to upgrade heavy oil, the oil was subjected to ultrasonic waves with different frequencies at constant temperature of 20 °C. In the next section, the temperature of experiment and the layout of 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducers were optimized, in dual frequency radiation. In the final section, in presence of fixed magnetic field, the effect of combining of ultrasonic irradiation in dual-frequency mode with Co2O3 and magnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the kinematic viscosity and asphaltene content of the heavy crude oil was studied. The experimental optimizations cleared that in the presence of magnetic field and ultrasonic waves irradiation with dual frequency, the γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle had a better performance than Co2O3 nanoparticle, so that at the optimum concentration (0.4 wt.%), the asphaltene content and kinematic viscosity were significantly declined to 5.01 wt.% and to 7.1 cSt respectively. This study aims to investigate a new method of combining ultrasonic waves with different frequencies and magnetic nanoparticles in reducing the asphaltene content and kinematic viscosity of heavy oil. In the first section, in order to upgrade heavy oil, the oil was subjected to ultrasonic waves with different frequencies at constant temperature of 20 °C. In the next section, the temperature of experiment and the layout of 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducers were optimized, in dual frequency radiation. In the final section, in presence of fixed magnetic field, the effect of combining of ultrasonic irradiation in dual-frequency mode with Co2O3 and magnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the kinematic viscosity and asphaltene content of the heavy crude oil was studied. The experimental optimizations cleared that in the presence of magnetic field and ultrasonic waves irradiation with dual frequency, the γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle had a better performance than Co2O3 nanoparticle, so that at the optimum concentration (0.4 wt.%), the asphaltene content and kinematic viscosity were significantly declined to 5.01 wt.% and to 7.1 cSt respectively.

https://pr.ripi.ir/article_1184_97af4fb322bb5c8973ade16764156bed.pdf