Experimental Investigation of Water Compatibility in Nearby Fields Water Injection Operation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran

2 Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran

3 National Iranian Oil Company. Shiraz. Iran

Abstract

In the context of oil production, the presence of formation water is generally undesirable due to its toxicity and associated environmental concerns. Consequently, effective treatment of produced water is a critical aspect in most oil fields. Water re-injection has emerged as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly treatment method in onshore settings. However, from the perspective of reservoir engineers, this process faces significant challenges, including injectivity impairment and permeability reduction due to the precipitation of inorganic scales. The precipitation of inorganic scales is primarily triggered by sudden fluctuations in thermodynamic conditions or the mixing of incompatible waters. This study aims to investigate the compatibility of produced water re-injection through experimental analysis in three distinct fields within a cluster. The first two fields are producing oil with high water cuts and the third field has an abounded well. Samples of formation and produced water were meticulously collected from each field. To enhance the study›s precision, a series of compatibility investigations were conducted, examining the interactions between injection waters and both injection and formation waters at varying mixing ratios. Following a 14-day stabilization period, the chemical reactions were subjected to a total scale measurement of seventeen generated mixtures. Additionally, the morphology and composition of the scales were examined using a SEM-EDX instrument to gain deeper insights into their structural and chemical characteristics. Despite the variation in rock types across the fields, the produced and formation brine samples exhibit a high degree of similarity, with no significant deposits detected. The findings suggest that the produced wastewater and the formation water from adjacent fields demonstrate favorable compatibility, thereby indicating a low risk for disposal through injection.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
 
[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
[1]. Song, J., Wang, Q., Shaik, I., Puerto, M., Bikkina, P., Aichele, C., Biswal, S.L. & Hirasaki, G. J. (2020). Effect of salinity, Mg2+ and SO42− on “smart water”-induced carbonate wettability alteration in a model oil system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563, 145-155., doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.040. ##
[2]. Liang, Y., Ning, Y., Liao, L., & Yuan, B. (2018). Special focus on produced water in oil and gas fields: origin, management, and reinjection practice. In Formation Damage During Improved Oil Recovery (pp. 515-586). Gulf Professional Publishing. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813782-6.00014-2. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[3]. Adeniyi, A. T., & Ejim, C. P. (2021, August). Analyzing the influence of salinity on produced water re-injection. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition (p. D031S013R003). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/207157-MS. ##
[4]. Dores, R., Hussain, A., Katebah, M., & Adham, S. (2012, May). Using advanced water treatment technologies to treat produced water from the petroleum industry. In SPE International Production and Operations Conference
and exhibition (pp. SPE-157108). SPE., doi: 10.2118/157108-ms. ##
[5]. Moosavi, S. R., Rayhani, M., Malayeri, M. R., & Riazi, M. (2019). Impact of monovalent and divalent cationic and anionic ions on wettability alteration of dolomite rocks. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281, 9-19, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.078. ##
[6]. Kalantari, E., & Simjoo, M. (2019). Modeling the Interaction between Low Salinity Water and Sandstone Rock by Coupling Fluid Flow Equations with the PHREEQC Geochemical Model. Journal of Petroleum Research, 28(97-6), 80-97, doi: 10.22078/pr.2018.3288.2515. ##
[7]. Ghanizadeh, S.M., Khodapanah, E., Tabatabaei-Nezhad, S.A., (2023). Experimental study of the effect of combined low salinity water and polymer injection on heavy oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(130): 71–87, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.4877.3179. ##
[8]. Bovard, S., Abbasi, S., Shahrabadi, A., Talebi, A., Hosseini, S. (2024). A laboratory study on the effect of low salinity water injection on recovery factor in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Research 34(1403–2): 36–55, doi: 10.22078/pr.2024.5316.3364. ##
[9]. Zare khafri, F., Khamoushi Abarghoi, F., NazariSaram, M., (2023). Laboratory investigation and modeling of the surface complex to increase oil recovery by means of engineered water injection. Journal of Petroleum Research 33(1402–4): 154–65, doi: 10.22078/pr.2023.5036.3249. ##
[10]. Kamalipour, M., Abbasi, S., Dehghani, S. M., & Naseri, A. (2014, May). Experimental and simulation study of scale formation in a carbonate Iranian reservoir. In Proceedings of the Conference of Oil, Washington, PA, USA (pp. 3-14). ##
[11]. Kamalipour, M., AliMousavi Dehghani, S. A., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Distinguishing anhydrate and gypsum scale in mixing incompatible surface and ground waters during water injection process. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(1), 231-240. ##
[12]. Ghalib, H. B., & Almallah, I. A. R. (2017). Scaling simulation resulting from mixing predicted model between Mishrif formation water and different waters injection in Basrah oil field, southern Iraq. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(4), 1557-1569, doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0384-y. ##
[13]. Salikhov, R. M., Chertovskih, E. O., Gilmutdinov, B. R., Lebedeva, I. P., Kostyuk, I. I., Paraschenko, M. K., Uryadnov, A.A. & Kolesnikova, A. R. (2020). Special aspects of chemical reagents use under high mineralization of produced waters (Russian). Oil Industry Journal, 2020(09), 59-62., doi: 10.24887/0028-2448-2020-9-59-62. ##
[14]. Mostafavi, S. A., Riahi, S., Mavaddat, M., & Bigdeli, A. (2021, October). Best practices-design for scale reduction during produced water reinjection (PWRI). In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1-5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202113312. ##
[15]. Jordan, M. M., Collins, I. R., & Mackay, E. J. (2008). Low sulfate seawater injection for barium sulfate scale control: a life-of-field solution to a complex challenge. SPE Production & Operations, 23(02), 192-209, doi: 10.2118/98096-ms. ##
[16]. Valadbeygian, V., Hajipour, M., & Behnood, M. (2023). Static and dynamic evaluation of formation damage due to barium sulfate scale during water injection in carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(8), 1819-1831, doi: 10.1007/s13202-023-01652-z. ##
[17]. Hu, M., Steefel, C. I., & Rutqvist, J. (2021). Microscale mechanical‐chemical modeling of granular salt: Insights for creep. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12), e2021JB023112., doi: 10.1029/2021JB023112. ##
[18]. Sirilumpen, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2002, March). Water reinjection for disposal in erawan field. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (pp. SPE-73857). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/73857-MS. ##
[19]. Raju, K. U., Nasr-El-Din, H. A., & Al-Shafai, T. A. (2003). A feasibility study of mixing disposal water with aquifer water for downhole injection. In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (pp. SPE-81449). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/81449-MS. ##
[20]. Borazjani, S., Chequer, L., Russell, T., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018, February). Injectivity decline during waterflooding and PWRI due to fines migration. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control (p. D021S009R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/189521-MS. ##
[21]. Navarro, W., & Muro, L. (2007). Produced water reinjection in mature field with high water cut. In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference (pp. SPE-108050). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/108050-MS. ##
[22]. Ayoub, M., Esmaeili, A. (2013). PLATFORM -A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society - Treating Produced Water from an Oil Reservoir for Re-Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery 9: 43–52. ##
[23]. Wilson, A. (2016). Produced-Water Reinjection-Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(12), 72-73. doi.org/10.2118/1216-0072-JPT. ##
[24]. Rossini, S., Roppoli, G., Mariotti, P., Renna, S., Manotti, M., Viareggio, A., & Biassoni, L. (2020). Produced Water Quality impact on injection performance: predicting injectivity decline for waterflood design. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D031S083R001). IPTC. doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20013-MS. ##
[25]. Hu, D., Li, Q., Shen, J., He, B., Wu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, Z. (2024, October). Application of produced water re-injection design and optimisation in carbonate oilfield containing hydrogen sulfide. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (p. D021S017R003). SPE. doi: 10.2118/221208-MS. ##
[26]. Kamalipour, M., Dehghani, S. A. M., Naseri, A., & Abbasi, S. (2017). Role of agitation and temperature on calcium sulfate crystallization in water injection process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 151, 362-372. ##
[27]. Bijani, M., Khamehchi, E., Shabani, M., 2023. Optimization of salinity and composition of injected low salinity water into sandstone reservoirs with minimum scale deposition. Scientific Reports 13(1): 1–22, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40067-y. ##
 
 
Journal of Petroleum Research
Volume 35, 1404-4 - Serial Number 143
November and December 2025
Pages 3-18

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