Effect of Diesel Nanoemulsion Fuel on Reduction of Exhaust Pollutants in Comparison with Conventional Fuel

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Chemistry and Petrochemical Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, (RIPI)

Abstract

The presence of nanoemulsion water droplets in diesel fuel during combustion phenomena causes micro explosions. This process provides more oxygen for fuel and therefore improved combustion efficiency. Diesel fuel nanoemulsions were obtained by using surfactant packages such as long chain fatty acids and their salts, fatty esters, ethoxylated fatty acids and together with co-surfactants such as linear alcohols, butanol and hexanol in the presence of 5-15% of water. These compositions were stable and transparent during long period of time. These fuels were tested in diesel engine OM314 and their performance such as exhaust emissions fuel consumption and engine performance were compared with conventional diesel fuel. The presence of 5-15% water in these fuel compositions causes the exhaust emissions, i.e. nitrogen oxides (0.44-12.9%), soot (17.35-43.9%), and unburned hydrocarbons (0.82-6%) to decrease, but thermal efficiency in diesel engine and lubricity improve. In addition, the presence of water and additives in the fuel reduces heating value, and despite improving the quality of micro explosion phenomenon and increasing the thermal efficiency of combustion (3-4.8%) it causes engine power to decrease by 4.5-13.5%.

Keywords

References

مراجع
[1] www.greencarcongress.com/2008/02/european-automo.html.
[2] مشعل، نشریه کارکنان صنعت نفت ایران، شماره341 (دوره جدید)، 2 اردیبهشت 1386.
[3] Andrews G.E., Bartle S.W., Pang S.W., Nnurein A.M. & Williams P.T., “Proceedings of the international center for heat and mass transfer”, Sept. 1987,New York, NY, USA:, Hemisphere Pubi Corp, pp.613, 1989.
[4] Lawson A., Vergreer E.C., Mitchell E.W., Dainty E.D., “Heavy Duty Diesel Emission Control, a Review of tecnology”, Vol. 36, pp. 238, Montreal, Quebec, Canada CiM, 1986.
[5] Jahania H. & Gollahalli S.R., “Characteristics of burning Jet A fuel and Jet A fuel-water emulsion sprays”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 37, pp. 145-154, 1980.
[6] Gollahallia S.R., Nasrullaha M.K. & Bhashia J.H., “Combustion and emission characteristics of burning sprays of a residual oil and its emulsions with water”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 55, Issue 1, pp. 93- 103, January, 1984.
[7] Hoar T.P. & Schulman J.H., “Transparent water-in- oil dispersions; the oleaophatalic hydro-micelle”, Nature, London, United Kingdom, Vol. 152, pp.102-103, 1943.
[8] Degiogio V., Corti M. (Eds), “Micelles, Vesecles and Microemulsions”, Physics of Amphiphilies Proceeding of the International School of Physics, Erico Fermi, Vol. 90, pp. 888, 1985.
[9] Friberg S.E. & Vesable R., In: P. Becher (ED), “Microemulsions”, Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Vol 1, pp. 287- 336, 1985.
[10] Langevin D., “Microemulsions- Interfacial Aspects”, adv. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 34, pp. 583- 595, 1991.
[11] Solans C. & Carcia- Celma M.J, “Formation of water in oil (W/O)”, Colloid Interface, Sci.,Vol. 2, pp. 464- 471, 1997.
[12] Kahlweit M., “How to prepare microemulsions at prescribed temperature, Oil And Brine”, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 99, No. 4, pp. 1281-1284, 1995.
[13] Talmon Y. & Prager S., “The statistical ther modynamics of microemulsions II.”, The interfacial region, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 1535- 1538, 1982.
[14] Widom B., “A model microemulsion”, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 1030- 1046, 1984.
[15] Safran S.A., Roux D., Cates ME. & Andelman D., “Origin of middle phase microemulsions”, phys, Rev. Lett., Vol. 5794, pp. 491-494, 1996.
[16] Bourret M. & Scecheter R. M. (Eds), “Microemulsions and related system”, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988.
[17] Fendier J.H., Luisi P.L. & Straub B.E., Reverse Micelles, Plenum Press , New York, 1984.
[18] Langevin D., “Technological relevance of microemulsions and reverse micells in a polar media”, in: Proceedings of the Fourth European Science Founcation Workshop on Reverse Micelles, Vol. 4, pp. 287-303, 1984.
[19] Lopez-Quintela M.A., Use of microemulsions in the production of nanostructured materials, in industrial application of microemulsions, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1997.
[20] Sagitani H., Friberg S. E. Macet Dekker & Lindman B., (Eds.), “Organized Solutions” , New York, pp.259- 271, 1992.
[21] Sudol E.D., El- Aasser M.S. & Lovell P.A., “Emission polymerization and emulsion polymer”, Willey & Sons, New York, pp. 699- 722, 1997.
[22] Nakajima H., Solans C., Kunieda H. (Eds), “Industrial Application of Microemulsions” ,vol 66, Marcel deikker, New York, pp.157-197, 1997.
[23] Forgiarini A., Esquena J., Conzalez C. & Solans C., “Formation of nano- emulsions By low- energy emulsification method at constant temperature”, Langmuir, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 2076-2083, 2000.
[24] Hideo N. [JP], Miuki O.[JP] & Satoshi T. [JP], Emulsfied Composition, US Patent: 5098606, 1992.
[25] Bidyut K., Moulik P., “Use and application of microemulsions”, J. Current Science, Vol. 80, No. 8, 2001.
[26] Lin C.Y. & Wang K.H., “Comparison of fuel properties and emission characteristics of two- and three-phase emulsions prepared by ultrasonically vibrating and mechanically homogenizing emulsification methods”, J. Fuel, Vol. 87, Issue 10-11, pp.2154-2161, 2008.
[27] Warrendale P.A., “Hsu Bd. International Congress and exposition”, Detroit, SAE 860300, pp. 97, USA,1986.
[28] McCoy F.C., Eckert G.W., Process of preparing novel micro emulsions, US Patent: 3876391, 1975.
[29] Rivas H., Gutierrez X., Gonzalez M.A., Water IN Hydrocarbon Emulsion useful as Low Emission Fuel and Method for forming same, US Patent: 7276093 B1, 2007.
[30] Tiarks F., Willert M., Landfester K. & Antonietti M., “The controlled generation of Nanosized structures in microemulsions”, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci.,Vol. 117, pp. 110-112, 2001.
[31] Porras M., Solans C., Gonzalez C. & Gutierrez J.M., “Propeties of water –in-oil (W/O) nano-emulsions prepared by a low –energy emulsification method”, Colloid and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect, Vol. 324, pp. 181-188 , 2008.
[32] Lif A. & Holmberg K., “Water – in- diesel emulsions and related systems”, Advances in colloid and interface science, Vol. 123-126, pp. 231-239, 2006.
[33] Peng L.C., Liu C.H., Kwan C.C. & Huang K.F., “Optimization of water in oil nanoemulsion by mixed surfactants”, Colloid and surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect, Vol 370, Issue 1-3, pp. 136-142, 2010.
[34] Mason T.G, Wilking J.N., Meleson K., Chang C.B & Groves M., “Nanoemulsion: formation, Structure, and Physical Properties”, J. Phys.: Codens. Matter, Vol. 18, pp. R635-R666, 2006.
[35] Chiesa M., Garg J., Kang Y.T. & Chen G., “Thermal Conductivity and viscosity of water in oil nanoemulsions”, Colloids and surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 326, Issues 1-2, pp. 67- 72, 2008.
[36] Confield C.A., “Effect of Diesel-Water Emulsion Combustion on Diesel Engine NOx Emissions”, University of Florida, 1999.
[37] Owen K., Coley T., Automotive Fuels Reference Book, SAE, 1995.
[38] روزنامه ایران، شماره 4449، 12/2/88 صفحه 5 (دانش).
[39] Al-Sabagh A.M., Emara M., Noor El-Din M.R., W.R. Aly, “Water in Diesel Nanoemulsions Prepared by High Energy: Emulsion Drop Size and Stability, And Emission Characteristics”, J. Surfactants and Detergents, 2011.
Journal of Petroleum Research
Volume 22, Issue 69 - Serial Number 69
May and June 2012
Pages 42-52

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics