مدل‌سازی تراوایی براساس موج استونلی با تأکید بر اثر ناهمگنی‌های زمین‌شناسی و پتروفیزیکی در سازندهای دالان و کنگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده زمین‌شناسی، دانشکدگان علوم، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

10.22078/pr.2025.5752.3559

چکیده

ناهمگنی‌های مخازن کربناته از عوامل اصلی پیچیدگی در ارزیابی دقیق ویژگی‌های مخزنی، به‌ویژه تراوایی به‌شمار می‌آیند. از آن‌جا‌که روش‌های مستقیم تخمین تراوایی مانند مغزه‌گیری در تمامی چاه‌ها قابل اجرا نیستند، بهره‌گیری از داده‌های چاه‌نگاری پیوسته روشی مؤثر ‌برای بر‌آورد تراوایی محسوب می‌شود. امواج استونلی ثبت شده توسط ابزار نگار صوتی دوقطبی، قابلیت بالایی در تخمین غیرمستقیم تراوایی دارند. در این مطالعه از این قابلیت برای بر‌آورد تراوایی سازندهای دالان بالایی و کنگان در بخش مرکزی خلیج فارس استفاده شده است. رابطه‌ای مبتنی بر کندشدگی امواج استونلی برای محاسبه‌ تراوایی به‌کار گرفته شد و سپس تأثیر پارامترهای زمین‌شناسی و پتروفیزیکی بر دقت آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. داده‌های پژوهش شامل نگارهای متداول چاه‌نگاری، نگارهای صوتی دوقطبی و اطلاعات حاصل از m 403 مغزه (1575 نمونه) است که آزمایش‌های پتروفیزیکی و مطالعات پتروگرافی (تحلیل محیط رسوبی، رخساره، نوع تخلخل و فرآیندهای دیاژنزی) برروی آنها انجام شد. حجم کانی‌ها نیز با آنالیز مولتی‌مین در نرم‌افزار ژئولاگ محاسبه شد. پس از محاسبه تراوایی از شاخص استونلی، گونه‌بندی سنگ‌ها براساس ویژگی‌های زمین‌شناسی و روش‌های پتروفیزیکی شامل شاخص زون جریانی، وینلند و لوسیا، و نیز آستانه‌گذاری تخلخل و تراوایی انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان دادند که دسته‌بندی داده‌ها براساس ویژگی‌های پتروفیزیکی، به‌ویژه روش شاخص زون جریانی، همبستگی به‌مراتب بهتری بین تراوایی محاسبه‌شده و تراوایی مغزه ایجاد می‌کند، به‌طوری‌که در گونه‌های تعیین شده توسط این روش، ضریب تعیین تا 96/0 مشاهده شد. این یافته نشان‌دهنده‌ کارآیی بالای ترکیب موج استونلی با گونه‌بندی پتروفیزیکی در پیش‌بینی تراوایی در مخازن کربناته‌ ناهمگن است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Permeability Modeling Based on Stoneley Waves with Emphasis on the Impact of Geological and Petrophysical Heterogeneities in the Dalan and Kangan Formations

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samaneh Safavi
  • Vahid Tavakoli
School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Heterogeneities in carbonate reservoirs are among the main challenges in accurately evaluating reservoir properties such as permeability. Since direct methods like core analysis cannot be applied in all wells, continuous well logs provide an effective alternative. In this study, Stoneley waves recorded by dipole sonic logging tools were employed to estimate permeability in the Upper Dalan and Kangan formations in the central Persian Gulf. A Stoneley slowness–based relationship was utilized, and the influence of geological and petrophysical parameters on the accuracy of permeability estimation was investigated. The dataset includes conventional well logs, dipole sonic logs, and 403 m of core (1,575 samples) analyzed through petrophysical tests and petrographic studies. Mineral volumes were also calculated using multi-mineral analysis in Geolog software. After deriving Stoneley-based permeability, rock typing was carried out using geological features and petrophysical methods, including Flow Zone Indicator (FZI), Winland’s R35, Lucia’s classification, and porosity–permeability thresholding. Results reveal that petrophysical rock typing, particularly the FZI method, significantly improves the correlation between estimated permeability and core data, with R² values up to 0.96. This finding highlights the efficiency of combining Stoneley wave analysis with petrophysical rock classification for more reliable permeability prediction in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Permeability
  • Dipole Sonic Imager Tool (DSI)
  • Stoneley Waves
  • Heterogeneity
  • Rock Typing
[1]. Khayer, K. (2022). Permeability estimation from Stoneley waves in Carbonate reservoirs. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 35(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.974505. ##
[2]. Brie, A, Endo, T, Johnson, DL, & Pampuri, F. (1998). Quantitative formation permeability evaluation from Stoneley waves. In: Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum engineers, New Orleans, LA. ##
[3]. Biot, M. A. (1956). Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. I. Low-frequency range. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 28(2), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908239. ##
[4]. Fan, H., Liu, P., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Wang, K., Feng, Z., Zhang, M., & Wu, H. (2025). Characteristics of horizontal wellbore Stoneley and S-wave responses to faults in unconventional shale reservoirs. Geophysics, 90(5), D111–D124. https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2024-0223.1. ##
[5]. Ezzati, M., Khosravi, N., Rezvani, M., & Asadi, H. (2019). Application of DSI log in geomechanical and petrophysical evaluation of carbonate reservoirs (Case study: One of the gas fields in southern Iran). Iranian Petroleum Exploration and Production Journal (IPEJ), 11(4), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.22078/pr.2019.3552.2625##
[6]. Amraei, H., & Falahat, R. (2021). Improved ST-FZI method for permeability estimation to include the impact of porosity type and lithology. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 11, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-01061-6. ##
[7].  Shadkam, M., & Ghasem-Al-Askari, M. (2014). Permeability estimation in a carbonate reservoir using the sum of squares error (SSE) method. National Conference on Geology and Exploration of Resources, Shiraz, 373713.
[8]. Motiei, M. (2017). Geology of Iran. Payame Noor University Press, Tehran. ##
[9]. Sharland, P. R., Archer, R., Casey, D. M., Davies, R. B., Hall, S. H., Heward, A. P., Horbury, A., & Simmons, M. D. (2013). Arabian plate sequence stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Journal the Middle East Petroleum Geosciences, 18.4. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0901199. ##
[10]. Aghanabati, A. (2014). Stratigraphy of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. ##
[11]. Tavakkoli, V., Rahimpour Bonab, H., & Sahab Peighambardoust, M. (2018). Investigating the importance of calculating Winland equation coefficients in carbonate reservoir formations (Case study: Kangan and Dalan formations, central Persian Gulf). Petroleum Research, 28(97-1), 4-14. ##
[12]. Hosseinzadeh, M., & Tavakkoli, V. (2022). Effect of geological parameters on horizontal to vertical permeability ratio in carbonate reservoirs of Kangan and Upper Dalan formations. Petroleum Research, 32(123), 69-81. ##
[13]. Rahimpour Bonab H., Asadi-Eskandar A., Sonei R. (2009). Controls of Permian-Triassic boundary over reservoir characteristics of South Pars Gas Field, Persian Gulf, Geological Journal, 44, 341-364. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1148. ##
[14]. Brie, A., Endo, T., Hoyle, D., Littmann, B., Marsala, A., Meunier, G., & Sinha, B. K. (1998). New directions in sonic logging. Oilfield Review, 10 (1), 40–55. ##
[15]. Al-Adani, N., & Barati, A. (2003). New hydraulic unit permeability approach with DSI. SPWLA 9th Formation Evaluation Symposium of Japan, 25-26. ##
[16]. Winkler, K. W., Liu, H.-L., & Johnson, D. L. (1989). Permeability and borehole Stoneley waves: Comparison between experiment and theory. Geophysics, 54(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442578. ##
[17]. Wu, X., & Yin, H. (2010). Method for determining reservoir permeability from borehole Stoneley-wave attenuation using Biot’s poroelastic theory. US Patent No. 7,830,744. ##
[18]. Winland, H. D. (1972). Oil accumulation in response to pore size changes, Weyburn Field, Saskatchewan. Amoco Production Company Report No. F72-G-25, 20 p. (unpublished). ##
[19]. Lucia, F. J. (1983). Petrophysical parameters estimated from visual description of carbonate rocks: A field classification of carbonate pore space. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 35(3), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.2118/10073-PA. ##
[20]. Lucia, F. J. (1999). Carbonate Reservoir Characterization. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (226 pp.). ##
[21]. Amaefule, J. O., Altunbay, M., Tiab, D., Kersey, D. G., & Keelan, D. K. (1993). Enhanced reservoir description using core and log data to identify hydraulic flow units and predict permeability in uncored intervals/wells. 68th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston Texas, Oct. 3–6: Society of Petroleum Engineers paper, 26436. ##
[22]. Soleimani, B., Moradi, M., & Ghabeishavi, A. (2018). Stoneley wave predicted permeability and electrofacies correlation in the Bangestan reservoir, Mansouri oilfield, SW Iran. Geofísica Internacional, 57(2), 93–103. ##
[23]. Rostami, A., Kordavani, A., Parchekhari, S., Hemmati-Sarapardeh, A., & Helalizadeh, A. (2022). New insights into permeability determination by coupling Stoneley wave propagation and conventional petrophysical logs in carbonate oil reservoirs. Scientific Reports, 12, 11618. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15869-1. ##
[24]. Nafisi, F., & Tavakoli, V. (2023). The role of textural parameters of industrial core CT scan images in detecting the petrophysical characteristics of carbonate reservoirs, Permian Dalan Formation, the central Persian Gulf. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 230, 212277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212277. ##
[25]. Davoodi, S., Asadolahi Shad, S., & Tavakoli, V. (2024). A fresh look at the Lucia classification using mud- and grain-dominated reservoirs of the Persian Gulf. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 232, 212437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212437. ##
[26]. Jamalian, A., & Tavakoli, V. (2022). Heterogeneity evaluation of pore types based on dipole shear sonic imager logs by means of statistical parameters, the central Persian Gulf. Geophysical Prospecting, 70(9), 1565–1579. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.13262. ##
[27]. Saadat, K., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Tavakoli, V., & Gholinezhad, J. (2024). Experimental investigation and prediction of saturation exponent in carbonate rocks: The significance of rock–fluid properties. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 14, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-023-01714-2. ##
[28]. Hosseinzadeh, M., & Tavakoli, V. (2024). Analyzing the impact of geological features on reservoir heterogeneity using heterogeneity logs: A case study of Permian reservoirs in the Persian Gulf. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 237, 212810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2024.212810. ##
[29]. Soleimani, A., & Tavakoli, V. (2024). Deep dive into the factors influencing acoustic velocity in the Dalan–Kangan formations, the central Persian Gulf. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 235, 212739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2024.212739. ##
[30]. Hezarkhani, Y., & Tavakoli, V. (2025). Heterogeneity dynamics: Influencing rock type responses to overburden pressure, Permian–Triassic of the Persian Gulf. Petroleum Science and Technology, 43(21), 2982–3001. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2024.2410372. ##
[31]. Ndip, E., Batembe, J. V. II, & Josephine, K. M. (2024). Formation evaluation and reservoir quality assessment of the AN-field offshore Douala/Kribi Campo Basin, Cameroon. Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.22078/jpst.2025.5506.1944. ##
[32]. Rostamtabar, M., Khanehbad, M., Mahmoudy Gharaie, M. H., Mahboubi, A., & Hajian-Barzi, M. (2024). Diagenetic processes imprint on reservoir quality and hydraulic flow units of the Lower Cretaceous strata (Fahliyan Formation), Izeh and Dezful zones, Zagros Basin, SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 14(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.22078/jpst.2024.5392.1931. ##